{"id":2583,"date":"2019-08-28T09:08:41","date_gmt":"2019-08-28T09:08:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.testpreptraining.com\/tutorial\/?page_id=2583"},"modified":"2020-05-01T08:53:51","modified_gmt":"2020-05-01T08:53:51","slug":"osi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.testpreptraining.ai\/tutorial\/aws-certified-advanced-networking-specialty\/osi\/","title":{"rendered":"OSI"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Layered Network Model<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Networking models describe networking\nshould work and 2 models\nare<ul><li>OSI Model<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>TCP\/IP Model<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Model defines a networking framework for\nimplementing protocols in different layers. <\/li><li>Control moves between layers, from one\nto next<\/li><li>starting at top most layer to bottom\nlayer<\/li><li>over physical channel to next station on\nnetwork, and then back as per hierarchy.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Layering Concepts and Benefits<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Interoperability &#8211; interoperability\nbetween devices from different manufacturers.<\/li><li>Compatibility \u2013 devices\/systems \/networks\nshould be compatible <\/li><li>Better Flexibility &#8211; flexibility in\noptions and choices for configuration and installation.<\/li><li>Increased Life Expectancy &#8211; Devices\nfrom different technology generations can co-exist thus the older units do not\nget discarded immediately newer technologies are adopted.<\/li><li>Scalability &#8211; Experience shows that a\nlayered design scales better than the horizontal approach.<\/li><li>Modularity Plug-ins and add-ons are\neasily added from use of a layered approach.<\/li><li>Standardization and Certification \u2013easy\ncompliance ot standards and according certification for use by end users. <\/li><li>Portability &#8211; Layered networking\nprotocols are much easier to port from one system to another.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>OSI Basics<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The ISO or International Standards Organization, has defined a 7-layer model for standardizing networking processes.<\/li><li>7 Layers are<ul><li>Physical Layer<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Data Link Layer<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Network Layer<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Transport Layer<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Session Layer<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Presentation Layer<\/li><li>Application Layer <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"278\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.testpreptraining.ai\/tutorial\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/image-248-278x400.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3957\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.testpreptraining.ai\/tutorial\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/image-248-278x400.png 278w, https:\/\/www.testpreptraining.ai\/tutorial\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/image-248.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Physical Layer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>lowest layer of the OSI mode<\/li><li>about transmission and reception of the raw bit stream over physical medium like wire, air<\/li><li>describes electrical\/optical, mechanical, and functional interfaces to physical medium<\/li><li>carries signals for all higher layers. <\/li><li>It provides<ul><li>Data encoding &#8211; digital signal to characteristics of physical medium<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Transmission technique <\/li><li> transmits digital bits as electrical or optical signals on the physical medium <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Data Link Layer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It gives error-free data frames\ntransfer from one node to another over the physical layer<\/li><li>Provides top layers an error-free transmission\nover the link. <\/li><li>It provides<ul><li>Link\nestablishment and termination <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Frame\ntraffic control <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Frame\nsequencing <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Frame\nacknowledgment <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Frame\ndelimiting <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Frame\nerror checking <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Media\naccess management <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Network Layer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>controls operation of subnet<\/li><li>decides which physical path data should take\nbased on <\/li><li>network conditions<\/li><li>priority of service<\/li><li>and other factors<\/li><li>It provides<ul><li>Routing <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Subnet\ntraffic control <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Frame\nfragmentation <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Logical-physical\naddress mapping <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Subnet\nusage accounting <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Transport Layer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>ensures messages are delivered <ul><li>error-free<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>in\nsequence<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>no losses\nor duplications<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>relieves higher layer from concern of\ndata transfer<\/li><li>In a reliable network layer with\nvirtual circuit capability, a minimal transport layer is required <\/li><li>unreliable one needs datagrams<\/li><li>include extensive error detection and\nrecovery<\/li><li>It provides<ul><li>Message\nsegmentation <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Message\nacknowledgment <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Message\ntraffic control <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Session\nmultiplexing <\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>strict message size limits are imposed <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Session Layer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It allows session establishment between\nprocesses running on different nodes<\/li><li>It provides<ul><li>Session\nestablishment, maintenance and termination <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Session\nsupport <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Presentation Layer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It formats data to be presented to the\napplication layer<\/li><li>translate data from application layer format\ninto a common format at the source <\/li><li>It provides<ul><li>Character\ncode translation <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Data\nconversion <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Data compression<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Data\nencryption <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Application Layer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It serves as window for users and\napplication processes to access network services. <\/li><li>It has functions<\/li><li>Resource sharing and device redirection<\/li><li>Remote file access<\/li><li>Remote printer access<\/li><li>Inter-process communication<\/li><li>Network management<\/li><li>Directory services<\/li><li>Electronic messaging (such as mail)<\/li><li>Network virtual terminals <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>TCP\/IP<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Also called, Internet protocol suite <\/li><li>It was in use before OSI model was established<\/li><li>Facilitates end-to-end connectivity <\/li><li>Also specify data should be <ul><li>Formatted<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Addressed<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Transmitted<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>routed <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>received\nat the destination. <\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>It is maintained by the (IETF) or Internet\nEngineering Task Force. <\/li><li>has 4 abstraction layers, every layer\nhas own protocols. <\/li><li>From highest to lowest, the layers are<\/li><li>Application layer (process-to-process)-\nHas all\nhigher level protocols\n(like FTP, HTTP)\nfor specific data communications services on a process-to-process level <\/li><li>Transport layer (host-to-host)- deals\nwith opening and maintaining connections between Internet hosts. It does\nflow-control,\nerror-correction, and connection protocols exist, such as TCP. <\/li><li>Internet layer (internetworking)-\nconnects local networks, and establish internetworking. Defines\naddressing and routing structures. Has Internet Protocol or IP, which\ndefines IP addresses. <\/li><li>Link layer- Also called Ethernet. Has communication technologies for a local network. Defines hosts communication on local network without routers.  <\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Layered Network Model Networking models describe networking should work and 2 models are OSI Model TCP\/IP Model Model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in different layers. Control moves between layers, from one to next starting at top most layer to bottom layer over physical channel to next station on network, and then back&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2468,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[7,438,439],"class_list":["post-2583","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-amazon-aws","tag-aws","tag-big-data-specialty","tag-osi"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>OSI - Testprep Training Tutorials<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.testpreptraining.ai\/tutorial\/aws-certified-advanced-networking-specialty\/osi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"OSI - Testprep Training Tutorials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Layered Network Model Networking models describe networking should work and 2 models are OSI Model TCP\/IP Model Model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in different layers. 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